Last year, the Binghamton University faculty member received a National Geographic grant to support her work on Neuroterus saltatorius, a wasp that forms abnormal growths called galls on oak trees from California to Washington state.

“Meeting some landowners and talking to people, I just came upon a part of this oak gall-wasp story. There was a master’s student in the ’90s who did a little bit of work on it, and the Canadian Forest Service had done a little bit of research on it, but it just seemed to be this open question,” Prior says. “I thought it was relevant and a really cool study system to ask questions about climate change and range expansion.”

Prior, an assistant professor of biological sciences, earned a bachelor’s degree from Western University and a doctorate in biology from the University of Notre Dame.

She documents the wasp as well as the insect communities surrounding it, including other oak gall-forming wasps it interacts with and the parasitic wasps that attack and prey on them. N. saltatorius is of particular interest because of its “ecological release” — the removal of factors limiting its growth — and its subsequent outbreak as the insect’s range has expanded to Vancouver Island, British Columbia. The expansion damaged several oak tree populations in an already threatened western oak ecosystem.

The $23,828 National Geographic grant made it possible for Prior and her lab, a mix of undergraduate and doctoral students, to survey these wasp communities at 18 different sites along the west coast. They have identified at least 25 oak gall-wasp species at these sites and will likely discover hundreds of parasitoid wasp species that they harbor.

“Parasitoid wasps are some of the most diverse insects in the world and some of the most functionally important,” Prior says. “What they’ll do is find their insect host that’s eating a plant and lay their egg into that host, and then their larva eats the host larva and kill it. They keep in check things like agricultural pests and tree pests, such as N. saltatorius.”

This work and Prior’s research questions will expand in the upcoming months with support from a two-year, $207,317 National Science Foundation grant.

Prior and her team also study other ecological systems. Along with wasps, she focuses on ants — such as those found on acacia trees in Kenya’s East African savannahs and those spreading the seeds of understory plants in eastern deciduous forests like Binghamton University’s Nature Preserve.

Carmela Buono, who is pursuing a doctorate in ecology at Binghamton, works with Prior and the ants of these eastern forests. Buono’s interested in how humans use land and disrupt ecosystems. This summer was her second collecting data and first without Prior’s assistance.

“My first summer she helped a lot with helping to frame the scope of the project. She’s very much a go-getter when it comes to collecting data, and she thirsts to be in the field,” Buono says. “She’s willing to get dirty and put her field boots back on and run out there. If she wasn’t there my first summer out in the field, I would have been panicking. She’s a true field ecologist through and through. It’s in her blood.”

One important concept within these studies is to understand how global transformation — land use change, climate change and the growth of invasive species — affects these important relationships and ecosystems.

Prior says that although her goal is to document the importance of these species and their interactions in ecosystems, she would also like her lab to focus on conservation and ecological health.

“I want my lab and field work to move towards restoration and management as well,” Prior says. “With the host-parasitoid work, it’s thinking about biological control — ‘can you introduce natural parasitoid populations to help control insect pests?’ With this ant project, we are still spending time documenting how changes are affecting this important mutualism, but our next steps are to think about restoring these communities.”

While drivers may be thankful for salted roads in the winter, biologist Grascen Shidemantle is determined to find out whether they’re harming animals. 

Shidemantle, a doctoral student at Binghamton University, studies how human activity and pollution affects amphibians on sublethal levels. She studies their physiology, behavior and interactions in the lab of Jessica Hua, an assistant professor of biological sciences. 

“Across the globe, we see that amphibian populations are declining,” Shidemantle says. “By trying to figure out how human activities influence these animals, we can get a better idea of why we’re seeing decreases.” 

Shidemantle grew up watching countless hours of Animal Planet in Slippery Rock, Pennsylvania. While studying biology at Slippery Rock University, her love of animals attracted her to a research lab that studied the effects of pesticides on amphibians, equipping her with a range of skills in toxicology and endocrinology — the study of hormones and their associated glands.  

At Binghamton, Shidemantle is working on two studies: One explores the relationship between salt-tolerance and stress levels in wood frogs; another compares physiological differences in salt-tolerant and non-tolerant populations. 

The former project is conducted with an Onondaga Community College student through the Bridges to the Baccalaureate Program, which introduces community college students to research as they transition to four-year colleges. With guidance from Shidemantle, these undergraduates study corticosterone levels, or stress hormones, in wood frogs using equipment that Shidemantle helped purchase and taught other lab students how to use. 

“Before Grascen, my lab didn’t have the capacity of measuring corticosterone levels,” Hua says. “A lot of the chemicals that contaminate the ecosystem are endocrine disruptors. For example, there are pesticides that can cause male frogs to become female frogs when exposed at low levels. Grascen’s expertise of endocrinology helps us understand why and how these chemicals modify hormones. And how that affects an organism’s responses at a larger level.”

Shidemantle and her mentee’s corticosterone research is expected to be published before the end of the year. 

“Now all of a sudden everybody in my lab wants to do hormone research,” Hua jokes. “But what really makes Grascen so impressive is her genuine desire to do good for the world.”

Shidemantle recently received a 2019 National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship (NSF GRFP), as well as grants from the NYS Wetlands Forum, the Society for Freshwater Science and the Pymatuning Lab of Ecology run by the University of Pittsburgh. 

She will soon visit with a collaborator in Spain to learn techniques to measure another form of stress — oxidative stress — that occurs when there is an imbalance of harmful free radicals and antioxidants that act as neutralizers. This study involves two other graduate students in Hua’s lab.

“I feel like science is changing in a really positive way,” Shidemantle says. “It used to be that if you didn’t know something you weren’t a good scientist. Now I feel that scientists are more open about having questions or hardships, whether it’s in terms of your research and experiments or like personal issues that come up by being in this field.”